Of Mice And Men Essays - Literature, American Literature, Fiction

Of Mice And Men Essays - Literature, American Literature, Fiction Of Mice And Men John Steinbeck John Steinbeck was born in Salinas, California, in 1902. He was raised in a fertile agricultural valley about twenty miles from the Pacific Coast. Both the valley and the coast would become the setting for some of his novels and short stories. In 1919 he attended Stanford University, where he took literature and writing classes. In 1925 he left the university. He did not attain a degree before his departure. For the next five years of Steinbecks life, he worked as a laborer and a journalist in New York City. Then he worked as a caretaker for an estate in Lake Tahoe. During these five years, he was also working on his first novel, Cup of Gold. He then got married and moved to Pacific Groove where he published his next two books, The Pastures of Heaven and To a God Unknown. He also worked on some of his famous short stories. He gained success and financial security with his book Tortilla Flat. This was full of stories about Montereys paisanos. In 1952, he published East of Eden, a story about the Salinas valley and Steinbecks own family history. The last decades of his life were spent in New York City and Sag harbor with his third wife. Throughout Steinbecks life he published twenty-five books. After his death in 1968, four more of his books were published. Six years before his death, John Steinbeck won a Noble Prize. Of Mice and Men The book Of Mice and Men is about the trials and tribulations of friendship. Throughout the book, George is continuously telling Lennie that if he were alone he could live so easy. When Lennie gives his answer of leaving, George instantly jumps down Lennies throat and reminds Lennie that he was jus foolin and wants Lennie to stay. The relationship these two characters posses is that of best friends who will be together until the end. Since George never wants Lennie to go off on his own he obviously cares. George gets Lennie out of numerous situations throughout the length of the book. When Lennie is accused of rape, George and him leave town together. When Curley picks a fight with Lennie, George is the one who convinces Lennie to get im. And finally when Lennie accidentally kills Curleys wife, George is the one who puts Lennie out of his misery in order to keep im [from] gettin lynched and to save Lennie from the consequences that would soon follow. The true trials of friendship become apparent throughout the book. It is evident that along with a true friendship comes many hardships. Lennie is Georges hardship, but George loves him regardless. In the book Of Mice and Men John Steinbeck uses his characters to create a theme of friendship overcoming all. Friends are willing to go to any lengths for each other, no matter the consequences. In the book, George puts his life on the line several times in order to save his companion, Lennie. When Lennie gets himself into trouble, is always right behind to save im. Even when George is forced to end Lennies life, he understands that he hadda in order to save Lennies soul. There is no step too large for a true friend to take for another friend. Steinbeck utilized the characters George and Lennie to achieve the theme of friends going to any length for each other. Lennie symbolizes the hardships of friendship. He has the mind of a child and requires someone quick like George to care for him. The relationship between these two men is referred to as that of a family. In this book, Steinbeck also uses his own unique style to create his theme. By the way he shows his characters interacting with one another, the theme becomes obvious. He displays George doing anything and everything he can for Lennie, even though he doesnt gain anything out of it. He also has the two characters speak the way the really would have had it been nonfiction. Steinbeck refers to George and Lennie wanting to live of da fatta the land. This phrase means that the characters were hoping for a life full of wealth and luxuries. He achieves an idea of the characters having high hopes for

Adverb of Emphasis - Definition and Examples

Adverb of Emphasis s In English grammar, adverb of emphasis is  a traditional term for an intensifier  used to give added force or a greater degree of certainty to another word in a sentence or to the sentence as a whole. Also called an emphasizer and an  emphasizing adverb. Common adverbs of emphasis include absolutely,  certainly, clearly, definitely, naturally, obviously, positively, really, simply, and undoubtedly. In The Oxford Dictionary of English Grammar  (2014), Bas Aarts et al. point out that [o]nly some grammatical models subdivide adverbs with this level of semantic detail.  Ã‚   Examples and Observations I was flat broke and the rent was due. Clearly I needed to find a job.Hes tapping my phone, he said to Celia indignantly. I definitely heard it. Definitely.(Lawrence Sanders, The First Deadly Sin.  G. P. Putnams Sons, 1973) I hadnt the slightest hesitation in saying: For sure! Tell the manabsolutely! Absolutely! Of course!(Joey Tallon in Call Me the Breeze, a novel by Patrick McCabe, 2003) In Stamps the segregation  was so complete that most Black children didnt really, absolutely know what whites looked like.(Maya Angelou,  I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings. Random House, 1969Deterrence, obviously, is one of the aims of punishment, but it is surely not the only one. On the contrary, there are at least half a dozen, and some are probably quite as important.(H.L. Mencken, The Penalty of Death At the door of the kitchen she said, You never finish your lunch. You run around senselessly. What will become of you?Then she died.Naturally for the rest of my life I longed to  see her, n ot only in doorways, in a great number of places- in the dining room with my aunts, at the window looking up and down the block, in the country garden among zinnias and marigolds, in the living room with my father.(Grace Paley, Mother.  Later the Same Day. Farrar, Straus Giroux, 1985) Theoretically, of course, one ought always to try for the best word. But practically, the habit of excessive care in word-selection frequently results in loss of spontaneity.(Francis Thompson, qtd. by Arthur Quiller-Couch in Murder Your Darlings)Everything beginning at Blake Avenue  would always wear for me some delightful strangeness and mildness, simply because it was not of my block, the block,  where the clang  of your head sounded against the pavement when you fell in a fist fight, and the rows of store-lights on each side were pitiless, watching you.(Alfred Kazin, A Walker in the City. Harcourt Brace, 1951 There is undoubtedly a sensation in traveling into foreign parts that is to be had nowhere else; but it is more pleasing at the time than lasting.(William Hazlitt, On Going a Journey Fallacies You can spot ​discourses that beg the question by looking for such words as obviously, of course, and really. Any defense lawyer would immediately leap up and say, Objection! if the prosecution were to say to the jury, Obviously, she is guilty. (Edward P. J. Corbett and Rosa A. Eberly, The Elements of Reasoning. Allyn and Bacon, 2000)

Do you think that Crito is being a good friend to Socrates by trying Research Paper

Do you think that Crito is being a good friend to Socrates by trying to convince him to escapeThe focus on your reflection should be the nature of friendship.What does it mean to be a good friend - Research Paper Example 196). This statement would have us believe that Crito was not really interested in the philosophy of Socrates and thus does not qualify as a friend at all. However, in real life, friends may not understand our attitudes Critics have also pointed out to the role of Crito in the financial affairs of Socrates, which they use as a point to accuse Crito of false friendship. â€Å"Crito suspects that people will say that he had cared more for his money than for his friend†¦most scholars, failing to understand the depth of Crito’s concern, have picked out this argument to dismiss Crito as caring only for appearances† (West 71). Crito’s concern for his friend, has however been proved beyond doubt by his subsequent questions to Socrates. These questions include ones where he enquires of Socrates whether his refusal was because of the risks that he would run; â€Å"justice demands that friends run such risks† (West 73). That the concern that Crito expresses for Socrates is thus that which would be expressed by any true friend is evident from this. From the above analysis, it is fairly evident that the actions of Crito were totally selfless. His inability to completely understand the philosophy of his friend should not be held against him, since such instances are very rare where two friends are of the same intellectual

Behavioural Perspective of leadership Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Behavioural Perspective of leadership - Essay Example A majority of such leadership theories have focused on the study of characteristics of the leaders and the manner in which they behave. The impact of leadership behavior on organizational performance has been studied extensively since the past four decades, by practitioners and academics alike (Cannella and Rowe, 1995; Giambatista, 2004). This is mainly because of the widespread belief, that the leadership behavior displayed by the leaders in organizations is regarded, by some researchers as crucial to achievement of organizational goals and in motivating the employees to enhance productivity (Berson et al., 2001; Zacharatos et al., 2000). The behavioral leadership theory evolved during the Second World War, focuses mainly on the human relationships along with, organizational performance and productivity. This theory proposed that the behavior of the leaders has a significant influence on organizational performance and the effectiveness of the workers. Two most important studies with regard to leadership behavior include the study conducted at Ohio State University and the University of Michigan during the 1940s and 1950s. These studies highlighted two distinct categories of leadership behavior based on their individual leadership styles namely: the people-oriented leadership behavior and the task-oriented leadership behavior (Leadership in Organizational Settings, Pp. 287). The former category / cluster focuses on the employee tasks and the methods used to achieve the same, while the latter, focuses on the personal needs and requirements of the employees / workers, and the need for enhancing their interpersonal relationships. The people centered leadership style emphasizes on the people by listening to the suggestions of the employees, grant them personal favors, support them whenever needed and treat them with equality while the task oriented

Organizational Behavior Essay Example for Free

Organizational Behavior Essay Psychology is a very young scientific field, yet it has achieved in such a short length of time immeasurable feats incomparable to only a few of the other scientific disciplines. One of its modern developments includes the establishment of an equally comprehensive sub-discipline: industrial and organizational psychology where the focus of study is the application of principles and concepts in psychology to the industries/workplace and all forms of organizations. The concept of organizational behavior is examined and studied in various contexts (Druckman et al, 1979). What is organizational behavior and how is it studied and applied? Organizational behavior is actually a complex and dynamic mechanism. It includes the application and integration of theoretical perspectives from the social and behavioral sciences to shed light on how and why individuals behave in a variety of ways in organizations. Included in the study are the ways the individuals carry out their tasks, the structure, design and operation of human persons in simple and complex organizational set-ups. It is defined as â€Å"the study and application of knowledge about how people, individuals, and groups act in organizations† (Mangelsdorff, 2007). This is accomplished utilizing the systems approach or systems model. The latter is meant as interpreting people and organizational relationships in reference to the whole individual, â€Å"whole group, whole organization, and whole social system† (Knoster et al. , 2000). The objective is developing improved and enhanced relationships by attaining individual aims, organizational goals and social aspirations (Mangelsdorff, 2007). Specifically, any student who pursues the study of the concepts involved in the matter will examine how individuals work in groups; acquire insights into human strengths and interpersonal relationships. Intertwined in the study is to delve into theories or principles of motivation of personnel, effective leadership with the goal of formulating a sound thinking and values of management and leadership. Moreover, organizational behavior investigates scientific data and utilizes a variety of research traditions to further understand how individuals work and function efficiently in diverse forms of structures (Shortell et al. , 2000) The concepts that are pursued by a typical student of organizational behavior include the following: the evolution and organizational and management theories; the rich historical background of management, organizational theories and the development of management thought, are adequately covered in this particular aspect (Robbins,1997). Referring to another dimension of the subject which is that of Individual Behavior and dynamics – the student explores individual performance, individual differences, focus on personality tests, the various motivational paradigms, reinforcement and rewards and, generational values, among others (Revans, 1987). Where group behavior is concerned, an enthusiast investigates and benefits from the study of organizational change strategies, group dynamics, work teams and communication, the nuances of conflict, negotiation and intergroup behavior, the workings of power and politics in organizations, leadership and theories dwelling on the subject and even military leadership (Mangelsdorff, 2007) Organizational behavior, when scrutinized closely, thus far covers a lot of topics. It embraces the understanding of structure, design of the organization itself. It also includes the study of the work design, policies and practices of the human resource, job design, and decision making as an organization. Furthermore, it also examines the organizational culture, its dynamics where change is aimed to be implemented (Revans, 1982) The elements of organizational behavior lean upon management’s plan and philosophy, vision and objectives. Basing on this foundation springs the organizational culture where the formal and informal types of organization and the social environment are best understood (Knoster et al. , 2000).

Criminal Justice Codes of Ethics Essay example -- Criminal Justice

Since the 1800’s, the main duties of a uniformed police officer revolved around carrying out patrols and investigations into crimes (CliffsNotes.com, 2011a). A usual patrol involves the officers either walking on foot or using vehicles travel around neighborhoods as a way of deterring criminal activities (CliffsNotes.com, 2011a). The investigative part of a police officer’s work usually comes in when a suspect of the case at hand has not been identified (CliffsNotes.com, 2011a). Usually, the detective has to sift through some evidence so as to identify the leads to the suspect. Finally, there are special activities that require specialized law enforcement personnel to carry out. These activities include traffic control and drug control (CliffsNotes.com, 2011a). It is clear from all this that the job of a typical police officer is hazardous. The police organization borrows much of its organizational structure from the military (CliffsNotes.com, 2011b). With its bureaucratic structure and the lines of command that pervade the organization, its culture can lead to inflexibility. It can also lead to a culture of indifference amongst the police (CliffsNotes.com, 2011b). With the tendency of the organization to ape their counterparts in the military, its workers are pre-disposed to violence. This is one example of how an organization’s culture can influence the decisions of its personnel. Furthermore, an authoritarian form of leadership also plays a great role in nurturing a domineering air in a police officer (CliffsNotes.com, 2011b). For example, the use of guns, the use of police swoops as a means of fighting crime, and the use of uniforms that closely resemble those of the military have inculcated a domineering character and, t... ... Department of Justice, 2001). Some form of witness protection should be accorded to me to protect me from retaliatory attacks. References CliffsNotes.com (2011). Police Strategies. Retrieved from http://www.cliffsnotes.com/study_guide/topicArticleId-10065,articleId-9953.html. CliffsNotes.com (2011). Police Organization. Retrieved from http://www.cliffsnotes.com/study_guide/topicArticleId-10065,articleId-9952.html Criminal Justice Code of Ethics (n.d). Retrieved from http://www.oregon.gov/DPSST/SC/docs/F-11.pdf?ga=t The Importance of Ethics in Criminal Justice. Retrieved from http://www.sagepub.com/upm-data/4031_Banks_Chapter_1_Proof.pdf U.S Department of Justice (2001). â€Å"Principles for Promoting Police Integrity: Examples of Promising Police Practices and Policies†. 7-11. Retrieved from https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/ojp/186189.pdf

Fast food †Hamburger Essay

The living standard of people in the modern time is improving. They are altering their life styles. With the pace speeding up, people demand more and more in efficiency. Foreign fast food has entered Chinese life since 1980s, particularly in McDonald’s and KFC, they made a big success in Chinese market. They are affecting our living habits, converting our understanding of traditional beliefs on diet. To a great extent, it has become a powerful rival to Chinese traditional food culture. At the same time, foreign fast food has endangered people’ health but it has made great contributions to Chinese marketing strategies. There are three consequences that the fast food impact Chinese food culture. Firstly, the decline of Chinese local foods industry, however, that relates to an aspect of globalization that also is the cause of many negative effects on a society. This is the growth of the western fast-food economy, especially in China. The spread of these fast-food chains is having an adverse impact on the Chinese economy and the health of the Chinese population. The number and diversity of fast-food restaurants across China has expanded at an increasingly fast rate, and if it continues then the negative trends we are seeing now will only get worse. (Pillai, 2010) Secondly, Chinese people get used to eat fast food and even somebody adores them. KFC, McDonalds, and Burger King have become well-known brands and fashionable things that Chinese people think they should follow. Carrying a big package of KFC food as a gift to visit other people in China is extremely liked. Talking with classmates of having tried the Western fast food may invite envy sometimes. Therefore, although they do realize that Western fast food is pricier compared with local Chinese food, and that it is less healthy than other Chinese food, they still prefer to pay. (Vicky D. Liu, 2010) McDonald’s and KFC have launched many local products. They aim at cultural diversity then change their monotonous diet. For instance, KFC has launched a series of soup, porridge and rice. KFC have differentiated their products from other competitors by having their own brand images, paying attention to the quality control and promotion strategies, providing high quality products and services to the customers, etc. Foods and beverage that suit the tastes of the customers are particularly designed in the China market. Although KFC uses an international standardized marketing strategic system, when facing such a huge market in China, adaptation is important to its success. That is why the fast food is so popular in China. Third, Fast food has broken the Chinese traditional healthy eating habit. The escalating western fast-food industry in China is linked to changing aspects of the Chinese society, including shifting eating habits, large impacts on the Chinese economy, as well as how Chinese engage with the globalization of the western fast-food industry shaping China into a more modernized country. Chinese people are already eating less vegetables and more meat in their diet. The China National Nutrition and Health Survey compared data between 1982 and 2002 to show that the intake of fruits and vegetables in China has decreased drastically from 276. 2g to 45g. In that same time frame, the intake of meat and dairy has more than doubled. (China National Nutrition and Health Survey, n. d). In conclusion, foreign fast food has impacted Chinese traditional food culture, whereas it is also the inevitability of globalization. With the development of times and diversification of diet, Chinese food is not the only choice for Chinese people, but we can’t abandon and ignore the thousands of years of traditional culture. That is to say, we should absorb the good methods of foreigner fast food market and get rid of the bad ones, in order to enrich our traditional food and let the culture go abroad, go to the world.

Stefan’s Diaries: Origins Chapter 15

As soon as twilight fell, I sneaked down the stairs, opened the back door, and tiptoed out onto the grass, already wet with dew. I was extra cautious, since there were torches surrounding the estate and I knew Father would be displeased that I was venturing out after dark. But the carriage house was only a stone's throw from the house itself–about twenty paces from the porch. I stole across the yard, staying in the shadows, feeling my heart pound against my rib cage. I wasn't concerned about animal attacks or creatures of the night. I was more concerned that I'd be found by Alfred or, worse, Father. But the notion of not being able to see Katherine that night made me feel hysterical. Once again, a heavy fog blanketed the ground and rose to the sky, an odd reversal of nature that most likely was due to the changing of the seasons. I shivered and made sure to look away from the willow tree as I ran to the bridle path and up the porch steps of the carriage house. I paused at the whitewashed door. The curtains on the windowpanes were pulled shut, and I couldn't see any candlelight seeping under the windows. For a second, I feared I had come too late. What if Katherine and Emily had retired to bed? Still, I rapped my knuckles sharply against the wooden door frame. The door creaked open and a hand grabbed my wrist. â€Å"Come in!† I heard a rough whisper as I was swept into the house. Behind me, I heard the click of the lock and realized I was standing face-to- face with Emily. â€Å"Sir,† Emily said, smiling as she curtseyed. She was dressed in a simple navy gown, and her hair fell in dark waves around her shoulders. â€Å"Good evening,† I said, bowing gently. I glanced around the little house, allowing my eyes to adjust to the dim light. A red lantern glowed on the rough-hewn table in the living room, casting shadows against the wooden beams of the ceiling. The carriage house had been in a state of disrepair for years, ever since Mother had died and her relatives had stopped visiting. But now that it was inhabited, there was a warmth to the rooms that was absent in the main house. â€Å"What can I do for you, sir?† Emily asked, her dark eyes unblinking. â€Å"Um †¦ I'm here to see Katherine,† I stammered, suddenly embarrassed. What would Emily think of her mistress? Of course, maids are meant to be discreet, but I knew how servants talked, and I certainly didn't want Katherine's virtue to be compromised if Emily was the type to engage in idle servant gossip. â€Å"Katherine has been expecting you,† Emily said, a glint of mischief in her dark eyes. She took the lantern from the table and led me up the wooden stairs, stopping at the white door at the end of the hallway. I squinted. When Damon and I were little, we'd always been vaguely afraid of the upstairs of the carriage house. Maybe it was because the servants had said it was haunted, maybe because every floorboard had creaked, but something about the space had stopped us from staying very long. Now that Katherine was here, though, there was nowhere else I'd rather be. Emily turned toward me, her knuckles on the door. She rapped three times. Then she swung the door open. I walked cautiously into the room, the floorboards creaking as Emily disappeared down the hallway. The room itself was furnished simply: a cast-iron bed covered by a simple green quilt, an armoire in one corner, a washbasin in another, and a gilt-plated, freestanding mirror in a third corner. Katherine sat on her bed, facing the window, her back to me. Her legs were tucked under her short white nightgown and her long curls were loose over her shoulders. I stood there, watching Katherine, then finally coughed. She turned around, an expression of amusement in her dark, cat-like eyes. â€Å"I'm here,† I said, shifting from one booted foot to the other. â€Å"So I see.† Katherine grinned. â€Å"I watched you walk here. Were you frightened to be out after dark?† â€Å"No!† I said defensively, embarrassed she'd seen me dart from tree to tree like an overcautious squirrel. Katherine arched a dark eyebrow and held her arms out toward me. â€Å"Y need to stop worrying. ou Come here. I'll help you take your mind off things,† she said, raising her eyebrow. I walked toward her as if in a dream, knelt on the bed, and hugged her tightly. As soon as I felt her body in my hands, I relaxed. Just feeling her was a reminder that she was real, that tonight was real, that nothing else mattered–not Father, not Rosalyn, not the spirits the townspeople were convinced roamed outside in the dark. All that mattered was that my arms were around my love. Her hand worked its way down my shoulders, and I imagined us walking into the Founders Ball together. As her hand stopped at my shoulder blade and I felt her fingernails dig through the thin cotton of my shirt, I had a split- second image of us, ten years from now, with plenty of children who'd fill the estate with sounds of laughter. I wanted this life to be mine, now and forever. I moaned with desire and leaned in, allowing my lips to brush hers, first slowly, as we'd do in front of everyone when we announced our love at our wedding, and then harder and more urgently, allowing my lips to travel from her mouth to her neck, inching toward her snow-white bosom. She grabbed my chin and pulled my face to hers and kissed me hard. I reciprocated. It was as if I were a starving man who'd finally found sustenance in her mouth. We kissed, and I closed my eyes and forgot about the future. All of a sudden, I felt a sharp pain on my neck, as if I were being stabbed. I called out, but Katherine was still kissing me. But no, not kissing, biting, sucking the blood from beneath my skin. My eyes flew open, and I saw Katherine's eyes, wild and bloodshot, her face ghostly white in the moonlight. I wrenched my head back, but the pain was unrelenting, and I couldn't scream, couldn't fight, could only see the full moon out the window, and could only feel the blood leaving my body, and desire and heat and anger and terror all welling up inside me. If this was what death felt like, then I wanted it. I wanted it, and that was when I flung my arms around Katherine, giving myself to her. Then everything faded to black.

Partner Strategy Framework Essay

Partner Strategy Framework Essay Partner Strategy Framework Essay Partner Strategy Framework Web, cloud, and other software companies are in the enviable position of having low marginal cost of goods. Despite this highly leveraged model, most software companies think fairly narrowly about their partner strategy, focusing on resellers and strategic alliances. Progressive software companies take a platform approach including a broader view of the partner ecosystem. Partner channels don’t optimize themselves. It takes thoughtful planning and focused execution to design and manage a full partner ecosystem. This e-book walks through a detailed framework for software companies to maximize the value of upstream partners (platform vendors), managed partner alliances, breadth (program-managed) partners, and the developer ecosystem. The purpose is to grow 1) partner loyalty, 2) revenue, and 3) brand goodwill. The Partner Strategy Framework model referenced throughout this e-book describes the maturity model for nurturing relationships and sales across development (software) partners. The verbs at each point of intersection in the model encapsulate the key action to focus on. In addition, a treatment of services (SI) and reseller (VAR) partners is provided, as well as summary guidance for partner leadership. This e-book was derived from the ISV Strategy Blog (www.competegy.com/isv-strategy-blog) and has been edited substantially based on subsequent feedback and review. Additional copies of this e-book are available at www.competegy.com. Questions and comments are welcomed at the ISV Strategy Blog or direct to Larry.Gregory@Competegy.com. Competegy helps web, cloud, and software companies maximize their partner channels through improved programs and relationships. This includes developing effective teams and programs for managed partners, breadth partners, upstream vendors, and the developer community. Competegy, LLC www.competegy.com 1 Table of Contents Partner Strategy Framework Model ....................................................................................................................... 3 The 4 Stages of Partner Development ................................................................................................................ 4 Strategic Alliances ................................................................................................................................................... 5 Strategic Alliances - Reach .................................................................................................................................. 5 Strategic Alliances - Enable ................................................................................................................................. 6 Strategic Alliances - Activate ............................................................................................................................... 7 Strategic Alliances - Sell....................................................................................................................................... 8 Breadth Programs ................................................................................................................................................... 9 Breadth Programs – Reach .................................................................................................................................. 9 Breadth Programs - Enable ............................................................................................................................... 10 Breadth Programs - Activate ............................................................................................................................. 11 Breadth Programs - Sell..................................................................................................................................... 12 Developer Ecosystem ............................................................................................................................................

How to Calculate Freezing Point Depression

How to Calculate Freezing Point Depression This example problem demonstrates how to calculate freezing point depression using solution of salt in water. Quick Review of Freezing Point Depression Freezing point depression is one of the colligative properties of matter, which means it is affected by the number of particles, not the chemical identity of the particles or their mass. When a solute is added to a solvent, its freezing point is lowered from the original value of the pure solvent. It doesnt matter whether the solute is a liquid, gas, or solid. For example, freezing point depression occurs when either salt or alcohol are added to water. In fact, the solvent can be any phase, too. Freezing point depression also occurs in solid-solid mixtures. Freezing point depression is calculated using Raoults Law and the Clausius-Clapeyron Equation to write an equation called Blagdens Law. In an ideal solution, freezing point depression only depends on solute concentration. Freezing Point Depression Problem 31.65 g of sodium chloride is added to 220.0 mL of water at 34  °C. How will this affect the  freezing point of the water?Assume the  sodium chloride completely dissociates in the water.Given: density of water at 35  °C 0.994 g/mLKf water 1.86  °C kg/molSolution:To find the  temperature change elevation of a solvent by a solute, use the freezing point depression equation:ΔT iKfmwhereΔT Change in temperature in  °Ci van t Hoff factorKf molal freezing point depression constant or cryoscopic constant in  °C kg/molm molality of the solute in mol solute/kg solvent.Step 1 Calculate the molality of the NaClmolality (m) of NaCl moles of NaCl/kg waterFrom the periodic table, find the atomic masses of the elements:atomic mass Na 22.99atomic mass Cl 35.45moles of NaCl 31.65 g x 1 mol/(22.99 35.45)moles of NaCl 31.65 g x 1 mol/58.44 gmoles of NaCl 0.542 molkg water density x volumekg water 0.994 g/mL x 220 mL x 1 kg/1000 gkg water 0.219 kgmNaCl moles of NaCl/kg watermNaCl 0.542 mol/0.219 kgmNaCl 2.477 mol/kgStep 2 Determine the van t Hoff factorThe van t Hoff factor, i, is a constant associated with the amount of dissociation of the solute in the solvent. For substances which do not dissociate in water, such as sugar, i 1. For solutes that completely dissociate into  two ions, i 2. For this example, NaCl completely dissociates into the two ions, Na and Cl-. Therefore, i 2 for this example.Step 3 Find ΔTΔT iKfmΔT 2 x 1.86  °C kg/mol x 2.477 mol/kgΔT 9.21  °CAnswer:Adding 31.65 g of NaCl to 220.0 mL of water will lower the freezing point by 9.21  °C.

The Malware writers and Hackers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Malware writers and Hackers - Essay Example The hacking of today began as ‘phreaking’ in the early 70’s. When John Draper’s toy whistle generated the 2600 Hz tone to authorize free calls from telephone exchanges, it was more a prank and a quirk of a ‘kinky’ mind than anything more serious. In the late 70’s, it turned a trifle more serious with de-coding of bank accounts for defraud. It was around this time that the colourful ‘Captain Zap’ emerged as arguable ‘inspiration’ for a generation of hackers when he broke in AT&T clocks and brought moonshine discounts to people during sunshine hours. Righard J. Zwienenberg, Chief Research Officer at security software vendor Norman Data Systems, recalled that in 1988 people were writing viruses and malware mostly to become famous. Many early infectious programs in those years were written as pranks and not intended to cause serious damage to computer systems. Trainee programmers learning about viruses and their techniques wrote them for practice or to test them. Since then it has moved into a more organized crime field. The very fact that there was public outcry against allocation of FBI resources against hacking in the US in the ‘80s speaks a lot for the trivial position it occupied in the public psyche; even the 1985 published Hacker’s Handbook encouraged hacking as a sport! ... acking in the US in the ‘80s speaks a lot for the trivial position it occupied in the public psyche; even the 1985 published Hacker’s Handbook encouraged hacking as a sport! More recently, since the rise of widespread broadband Internet access, malicious software has been written with a profit motive in mind. It speaks of a dangerous trend with malware authors monetizing their control over infected systems and turning that control into a source of revenue. For instance, since 2003, the majority of widespread viruses and worms have been designed to take control of users' computers for black-market exploitation. Infected "zombie computers" are used to send email spam, to host contraband data such as child pornography or to engage in distributed denial-of-service attacks as a form of extortion. Another strictly for-profit category of malware has emerged in spyware -- programs designed to monitor users' web browsing, display unsolicited advertisements or redirect affiliate m arketing revenues to the spyware creator. Tools of the trade get more toxic: Nothing exemplifies the evolution of malware writers and hackers better than the tools they deploy. The 20th century hacker’s kit consisted of a motley assortment of a BBC Model B and Sinclair Spectrum computer, a Prism VTX 5000 and Cumana modem, a portable monitor, an Epsom printer, disc drives and floppies and an electronic organ for creating tones for phreaking. Today’s hacker uses far more sophisticated technology to achieve his nefarious ends – botnets or networks of compromised ‘zombie’ PCs began to be tapped into in 2003. Malware writers who compromised the computers with Internet worms realized that they could be rented out to spammers for a fee. As botnets created from compromised desktop PCs grew, they